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Item ADOPTION OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) MICHELLE NJERI MBURUIn developed countries, electronic commerce is widely used in business operations, but research shows that in developing countries, it is not. Thus, rising nation enterprises have faced many obstacles to growth. The study investigated the effect of adoption of e-commerce on the performance of solar business enterprises in Nairobi City and proposed strategies to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of these businesses in the evolving digital landscape. Specifically, the study looked at how dynamic pricing, supply chain, customer engagement, product quality, and shipping and returns affected the performance of solar business enterprises in Nairobi City County. The study was guided by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), dynamic capabilities theory, the Transactional Cost Theory and Technological Organization Theory. The research applied a descriptive cross-sectional design and positivism philosophy. The target population comprised of 952 licensed solar photovoltaic (PV) contractors in Nairobi City County. From this population, a sample size of 282 was obtained using Yamane’s formula for sample size determination and simple random sampling method. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using quantitative methods of data analysis. Both descriptive and inferential analysis was done with the help of the statistical package for social sciences version 29. Descriptive statistics were summarized into frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviation and presented using frequency tables, bar graphs, and pie charts. On the other hand, inferential analysis was done using the correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. From the findings, it was noted that dynamic pricing (r=0.864, β= 0.537, p<0.05), supply chain (r=0.872, β= 0.344, p<0.05), customer engagement (r=0.773, β= 0.285, p<0.05), product quality (r=0.844, β= 0.045, p<0.05), and shipping and returns (r=0.879, β= 0.437, p<0.05) had a statistically and significant effect on the performance of solar business enterprises in Nairobi County. It was therefore recommended that solar business owners be trained on effective dynamic pricing strategies, particularly competitor-based and time-based pricing, to improve revenue outcomes. It also emphasizes the need for supply chain optimization through government-supported training and adoption of digital inventory and logistics tools. Enhancing customer engagement via CRM systems and digital platforms is critical, alongside ensuring high product quality through strict adherence to KEBS standards and manufacturer accountability. Lastly, improving shipping and returns processes with better logistics partnerships and clear customer communication can significantly boost operational efficiency and customer satisfaction.Item FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND INSTITUTIONAL SUSTAINABILITY OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) ROSE NJOKI CHEGESustainability is a crucial factor for the success of any organization, whether small or large, industry-specific, or generalized. However, achieving sustainability is challenging, as it requires significant effort, careful planning, and continuous monitoring of both revenue sources and expenditures. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between financial management practices and institutional sustainability of non-governmental organizations in Nairobi County, Kenya. Many NGOs struggle with sustainability, primarily due to poor financial management. Therefore, this study sought to assess the effect of financial management practices on the sustainability of NGOs in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specifically, it examined the effect of financial reporting efficacy, income source diversification, budgetary controls, and financial risk management on NGO sustainability. To achieve this objective, the study drew on various theoretical frameworks, including Agency Theory, Resource Dependence Theory, Pecking Order Theory, and Institutional Theory. The study used cross-sectional descriptive research design and targeted 1,143 NGOs in Nairobi County from which 10% of the population was selected using simple random sampling technique to make a sample size of 114 NGOs. Data was collected via structured questionnaires and the analysis involved both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics included mean, std dev, frequency and percentage. The results were presented on frequency tables. The findings revealed a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.771, indicating that financial reporting efficacy, income source diversification, budgetary controls, and financial risk management collectively explain 77.1% of the variation in NGO sustainability in Nairobi County. The ANOVA results confirmed model significance (F = 87.753, p = 0.000), affirming the overall fit. Regression results showed significant positive effects from financial reporting efficacy (β = 0.333, p = 0.000), income source diversification (β = 0.380, p = 0.000), budgetary controls (β = 0.197, p = 0.000), and financial risk management (β = 0.178, p = 0.000). All four null hypotheses were rejected, confirming the predictive relevance of these financial practices. The study concludes that sound internal financial management significantly enhances NGO sustainability. In view of the findings, the study recommends that NGOs should institutionalize effective financial reporting, diversify income sources, implement strong budgetary frameworks, and adopt proactive risk management strategies.Item EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON RETURN ON ASSET OF COMMERCIAL AND SERVICES FIRMS LISTED AT NAIROBI SECURITY EXCHANGE(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-10) SUSAN WAIRIMU MUGOThe way a company is financed is discussed and debated around the globe. More attention is given to capital structure in developed countries than in countries that are still developing. Reviewing what conditions influence how much capital little list companies raise is the basis for capital structure research. It was intended to understand how the structure of capital affects the Return on Assets of listed Commercial and Services Firms in Kenya during the years 2020–2024. The investigation had set aims which included observing how retained earnings, share capital, debt and equity play a part in establishing the capital structure and to use ROA as the main gauge of financial results. The basis of the study was mainly the Modigliani and miller, Trade off, Pecking order and Agency theories. Data from audited financial statements from Commercial and Services Firms listed at Nairobi Security Exchange, instructions from the Capital Market Authority handbook, magazines, business journals, articles and websites was the secondary information used. Descriptive research was the method and statistical methods such as data analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to look at the data. All Commercial and Services Companies listed on the Nairobi Security Exchange made up the population. For the research, the sample used were all organizations that were entered by the employees. It was found by research, however, that not all the companies supplied the data required for public access. Two other companies stopped running their operations for the time it took to collect the data. Retained earnings, share capital and return on asset all appear to be related for the Commercial and Services Firms listed at NSE, Kenya. When if rises, return on assets declines and this trend is significant for Commercial and Service Firms on the NSE, Kenya. Also, at NSE, Kenya, equitable companies in Commercial and Service Firms don’t have a statistically significant impact on their return on assets. The study recommended that a holistic approach to capital structure—considering internal reinvestment, shareholder capital, and cautious borrowing—can enhance firm profitability and financial sustainability. Moreover, aligning policy frameworks, corporate financial practices, and theoretical models with these findings will enable stakeholders to make more informed decisions that foster long-term value creation within Kenya’s Commercial and Service Sectors.Item STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT ALJAMEA-TUS-SAIFIYAH NAIROBI CAMPUS, KENYA(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) HATIM ALI ASGHER RAMPURAWALAThe research examined the effect of strategic human resource management on employee performance at Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah Nairobi Campus in Kenya. The research examined how strategic workforce planning, strategic resourcing, strategic compensation, and strategic learning and development affect employee performance at Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah Nairobi Campus, Kenya. Additionally, the study examined organizational culture as it affects the relationship between strategic human resource management practices and employee performance at Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah Nairobi Campus, Kenya. This study adopted Human capital theory, Resource based view theory, Schein’s Organization Culture Model, Social Exchange Theory, and Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory. A cross-sectional survey constituted the main research design that was used in this study. There are 508 employees who make up the target population in this study. Using Yamane sample size determination formula with stratified random selection method, 224 employees were selected as the study sample. The research gathered information through questionnaire. The question items of the instrument were reviewed by experts and research supervisors for evaluation purposes to ensure they validate correctly. Testing at the MSB Educational Institute Mombasa facility gauged the reliability of both instruments that were deployed during data collection. Cronbach Alpha served as the reliability check method. An analysis of the gathered primary data involved both descriptive and inferential methods. The software Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 29 was utilized in the analysis. The researcher used descriptive statistics which included percentages together with means and standard deviation and they were illustrated through frequency tables in combination with pie charts and bar graphs. The research utilized correlation together with multiple linear regression for its inferential statistical analysis. From the analysis, it was established that strategic workforce planning (r=0.824, b=0.410, p<0.05), strategic resourcing (r=0.879, b=0.345, p<0.05), strategic compensation (r=0.745, b=0.180, p<0.05), and strategic learning and development (r=0.849, b=0.202, p<0.05) had a positive and statistically significant effect on the performance of employees at Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah. Moreover, organizational culture was also found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between strategic human resource management practices and employee performance. The study recommends integrating organizational culture into strategic human resource management theories to better explain its moderating role in enhancing employee performance. Policy makers should institutionalize strategic workforce planning and promote a culture of collaboration, innovation, and shared values to maximize HRM effectiveness. Practically, institutions should align workforce planning with strategic objectives, invest in targeted training, and actively strengthen organizational culture to translate HR strategies into measurable performance gains.Item DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGY AND URBAN MALE CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR IN THE COSMETIC INDUSTRY IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-07) ANNE MALI KITHEKAThe Cosmetic industry has long been targeting the female consumer segment; but in the last ten years, there has been a significant change as more men in the urban regions have started using grooming products. Social changes, the growing importance of personal health, and the growing effectiveness of digital platforms have been the driving force behind this transformation. In this research, the researcher was interested in the effect of digital marketing strategies on the urban male consumer buying behaviour in the Cosmetic industry in Nairobi County, Kenya. The digital marketing techniques discussed are search engine optimization (SEO), social media marketing, influencer marketing and content marketing. Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), Social Influence Theory, and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) are the guiding theories of the study, which offered a solid theoretical background to examine the influence of digital strategies on consumer perceptions, engagement, and purchase intent. The independent variables were the SEO, social media marketing, influencer marketing, and digital content marketing, whereas the dependent variable was the urban male consumer buying behaviour. The research was focused on 214 male consumers in the Nairobi County. A sample size of 139 consumers was used by simple random sampling since it was representative. The quantitative method and a causal research design were taken. The structured questionnaires were used to collect data in the form of Likert scale items that aimed at capturing the impact of each digital strategy. The data was analysed with the help of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression, and the validity of the regression model was proved with the help of diagnostic tests. The research established that the four digital marketing strategies positively and significantly impacted urban male consumer buying behaviour. The search engine optimization helped in generating greater brand visibility and trust that was transferred to more purchases from the male consumers. Social media marketing is becoming an effective tool of engagement, trust, and conversion, which highlights the need to use interactive and personalized digital interactions. The most influential predictor of buying behaviour was influencer marketing, which shows the powerful nature of credible and relatable influencers in influencing male consumer decisions within the grooming and personal care market. Digital content marketing, being relatively moderate in its effect, was identified as playing a supporting role, as it educates consumers, reinforces brand power, and helps to build purchase confidence. The results support the fact that integrated digital marketing approaches are necessary to reach the urban male consumer segment, establish trust, and stimulate long-term purchasing behaviour. The research offers evidence-based ideas that can assist cosmetic brands to align their campaigns to the needs of this expanding population. In addition, the study helps to fill the gap in gender-inclusive marketing research and provides practical suggestions on how to use digital strategies in the Cosmetic industry of Kenya in a changing environment.Item THE EFFECT OF PROJECT COST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON PERFORMANCE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS FUNDED CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN KENYA(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-10) JAMES LOMODOK NGATHUBANThe study investigated the success of NGO-funded projects in Kenya with a focus on construction projects. With the help of the theories, the study investigated the aspects of performance motivation, system coordination, resource utilization, and stakeholder accountability. Kenya with 110 tier I registered non-governmental organizations and a rich environment set the pace to evaluate donor-funded projects. The objectives of the study were to ascertain the effect of cost estimation practices on the performance of NGOs funded construction projects, to assess effect of cost control measures on the performance of NGO funded projects, to evaluate the effectiveness of project cost budgeting and to explore the effect of resource planning on practices on the performance of NGO funded construction projects in Kenya. The questionnaires were submitted to fifty project managers, project coordinators, finance managers and M&E officers who represented ten NGOs. A mixed method approach was used in conducting the interviews. The choice was made in terms of geographic representation, diversity within the sectors, donor-dependence, and availability of data. The results indicated that resource planning was the best predictor of the project performance followed by budgeting, cost estimation and cost control. The model accounted to 74 percent of the variability in performance. The main problems were donor dependency, low technical skills and manual financial tracking systems. The respondents suggested the use of ERP systems and the introduction of regular capacity building initiatives that could aid in increasing cost management practices. The analysis shows that cost management particularly in resource planning and budgeting is the key to enhancing performance of NGO projects, making them sustainable and building confidence of donors. The study further suggested further research on NGOs Comparative studies. The study recommended that NGOs must consider a holistic method of project performance improvement and future organizational sustainability through the strengthening of cost management practices.Item PROCESS DIGITIZATION STRATEGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) MASITA MIKE MOGUSUThis study examined the influence of process digitization strategies on the organizational performance of commercial banks in Nairobi City County, focusing on profitability, return on investment, and operational efficiency. Anchored on the Institutional Logic Theory (LLT), Information System Theory, Human Capital Theory (HCT), Diffusion of Innovations Theory (DOI), and the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, it adopted a positivist philosophy that views knowledge as objective, measurable, and observable. A mixed-methods approach within a longitudinal design (2019–2024) captured both quantitative and qualitative insights. The target comprised all 38 licensed commercial banks, with 152 managerial respondents selected through stratified and purposive sampling. Data were collected using structured Likert-scale questionnaires administered physically and electronically, with validity ensured through expert review, and reliability confirmed via Cronbach’s alpha (≥0.70) and composite reliability analysis. SPSS analysis involved descriptive statistics, correlation, ANOVA, and multiple regression models. Results showed significant positive correlations between organizational performance and four digitization strategies—ATM banking (r = 0.644), agency banking (r = 0.578), mobile banking (r = 0.536), and internet banking (r = 0.431), all at p < 0.001 with ATM banking showing the strongest link. Collectively, these explained 39% of profitability variation (R² = 0.390, p = 0.002). The WebIX Digital Presence Maturity Index (2019–2024) rated Kenyan banks at an “emerging” stage with a score of 49.15%. A second regression model found operations, customer relations, human capital, and risk management digitization accounted for 14.2% of performance variation (R² = 0.142, p< 0.001), with customer relations digitization as the strongest predictor. Findings underscore digitization’s strategic role in enhancing efficiency, customer satisfaction, workforce capability, and resilience, strengthening competitive advantage in a dynamic financial sector. The study recommends enabling regulatory frameworks to foster innovation, strengthen cybersecurity, enhance interoperability, and incentivize advanced digital adoption, alongside investing in digital infrastructure to expand financial inclusion. Strategic managers should embed mobile, agency, ATM, and internet banking into long-term strategies and leverage data analytics to improve profitability and efficiency, while banking management upgrades to interactive digital platforms, expands service channels, and provides continuous staff training. Scholars should undertake longitudinal and comparative studies, explore emerging technologies such as AI, blockchain, and fintech collaborations, and provide evidence-based insights to guide policy and strategy.Item FOUNDERS’ BUSINESS DECISIONS AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF SMALL-SCALE DAIRY PROCESSING PLANTS IN CENTRAL, KENYA(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) SOPHIA N. NJUGUNASmall-scale dairy processing plants in Central Kenya face persistent financial challenges due to ineffective strategy execution, inefficient resource use, limited innovation and inherent business risks. This study investigated how founders’ strategic business decisions influence the financial outcomes of small-scale dairy processing enterprises in Central Kenya. Specifically, it explored the impact of decisions related to financing, revenue generation and marketing, risk management and innovation on business performance. The research is grounded in four theoretical models: ResourceBased View, Pecking Order Theory, Prospect Theory and Schumpeter’s Innovation Theory. A cross-sectional survey design guided the research process. The target population was all the 66 licensed small-scale dairy processing businesses located in the counties of Nyeri, Kiambu, Murang’a, Kirinyaga and Nyandarua, based on data from the Kenya Dairy Board. The study population consisted of all the stakeholders in the dairy processing plants A census method was used to capture the entire study population. Hence the sample size included 166 participants, comprising founders and key decision-makers such as chief executive officers, finance and marketing managers, extension officers and cooperative officials. Data was collected through structured questionnaires featuring Likert-scale items. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics (specifically regression analysis and analysis of variance) with the help of SPSS Version 26.0. The study found that founder’s level of involvement on the running of the dairy processing plants was low, founder’s financing decisions, revenue management decisions, and innovation decision had significant positive effects while founder’s risk management decision had no significant effect on the financial performance of dairy processing plants in Central Kenya for the period under study. The study concluded that most dairy processing plants in Central Kenya do not survive beyond the third year of operation and that for the period under study, that there was enough evidence to suggest that the founder’s financing decisions, revenue management decisions and founder’s innovation decisions all had a statistically significant positive effect on the financial performance of small-scale dairy processing plants in Central, Kenya and that there was not enough evidence to suggest that the founder’s financial risk management decisions had a statistically significant positive effect on the financial performance of small-scale dairy processing plants in Central, Kenya. The study recommended that founders get more involved in decisions involving the financing, revenue management and innovation as well as seek knowledge and training on the various enterprise risk management techniques for dairy processing plants.Item CHANGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) VELMA MWENDE DAVIDThe performance of commercial banks in Kenya between 2020 and 2025 has been unstable, with fluctuating returns on investment, declining market share, low levels of client satisfaction, and rising credit risk. These challenges have raised concerns about whether structured change management strategies can enhance stability and performance in the banking sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of structured change management strategies on the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, the study examined the effects of environmental assessment, employee engagement, learning culture, and monitoring and control on bank performance. The study was guided by Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model and supported by the Contingency Theory, Organizational Learning Theory, Resource-Based View (RBV), and Control Theory. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted, targeting all 38 licensed commercial banks in Kenya. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to Heads of Operations and Strategy Managers. Reliability of the research instrument was confirmed with Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients above 0.7. Data were analysed using SPSS version 28, with diagnostic tests confirming normality, absence of multicollinearity (VIF < 2), and homoscedasticity. The regression analysis revealed that the four change management strategies explained 83.7% of the variance in bank performance (R² = 0.837; Adjusted R² = 0.828). Monitoring and control emerged as the strongest and statistically significant predictor (B = 0.335, p = 0.008). Environmental assessment had a positive but statistically insignificant effect (B = 0.263, p = 0.082), while employee engagement (B = -0.047, p = 0.789) and learning culture (B = -0.087, p = 0.685) showed negative and insignificant effects. The findings indicate that the performance of commercial banks in Kenya, particularly in terms of operational efficiency, competitiveness, and customer satisfaction, can be significantly improved by employing structured change management strategies, with monitoring and control playing the most critical role. The study contributes empirical evidence to policymakers, bank managers, and change managers on the importance of structured change approaches in navigating financial sector uncertainties. Ethical standards, including informed consent, voluntary participation, and confidentiality, were observed throughout the research process.Item STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF CATHOLIC FAITH-BASED HOSPITALS IN THE CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESE OF NAIROBI, KENYA.(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) MARGARET JEMAIYO KIROPCatholic Faith-based hospitals play an essential role in delivering healthcare services, particularly to the underprivileged. Despite the significant contributions to improve access to quality and affordable healthcare services, these institutions continue to face dynamic operational challenges that hinder optimal performance. Therefore, this study aim was to examine how strategy implementation affects the Catholic faith-based hospitals’ operational performance in the Archdiocese of Nairobi, Kenya. Specifically, it explored how monitoring and evaluation, organizational culture, resource allocation and organizational leadership influence hospitals` operational performance. The study anchored on Stakeholders' theory, Resource-based view theory, Dynamic capability theory, Theory of change, and the Balance Scorecard model. The target population were the employees of Catholic Faith-based hospitals in Archdiocese of Nairobi. A sample of 294 respondents was purposively chosen comprising of top -level managers, middle-level managers, and line supervisors. The respondents were drawn from 21 Catholic faith-based hospitals, which were also purposively selected based on homogeneous traits. To ensure fair representation from across hospital levels proportional sampling technique was used. The study adopted a descriptive research design and structured questionnaire was employed to gathered Quantitative data which was analyzed with SPSS. Inferential statistics that is multiple regression and Spearman`s correlation coefficient and descriptive statistics were performed to assess the relationship and the predictive power among variables. Cronbach`s Alpha was used to assess reliability of the study tool, which achieved a score above 0.8 for all constructs and Validity was further ensured through expert reviews by supervisors and colleagues to ensure readability and clarity. Ethical guidelines such as informed consent, integrity, confidentiality, and anonymity, were strictly adhered to. The findings of resource allocation (β =0.896, P = 0.000), Monitoring and evaluation (β = 0.773, P = 0.000), Organizational culture (β =0.739, P = 0.000), and Organizational leadership (β= 0.719, P = 0.000), each showed that operational performance of Catholic faith-based hospital in the Archdiocese of Nairobi are statistically significantly and positively correlated. Based on these results, the study concluded that operational performance is positively and statistically significantly impacted by the four strategy implementation practices: resource allocation, organizational culture monitoring and evaluation, and Organizational leadership. The study recommends that Catholic faith-based hospitals in the Archdiocese of Nairobi strengthen resource allocation strategies and ensure fair distribution of resources in line with hospitals' strategic priorities. cultivating and institutionalize an adaptive culture that fosters continuous learning, teamwork and open feedback, adopting participatory and empowering leadership practices. Furthers to implement monitoring and evaluation frameworks that incorporate internal control, regular appraisals and timely corrective actions.Item FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND SUSTAINABILITY OF CATHOLIC CHURCH-OWNED HOSPITALS IN ARCHDIOCESE OF NAIROBI.(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) NAKHUNGU AKUMU MAUREENThe purpose of this study was to assess the influence of Financial Risk Management practices on financial performance of religious health institutions in Malawi. The specific objectives for this study were: to assess the influence of liquidity risk management, credit risk management, foreign exchange risk management, and operational risk management, on the financial performance of religious health institutions in Malawi. The study was guided by the Agency, Stakeholder, Resource Dependence, and Expected Utility theories. The study adopted a descriptive research design while utilizing quantitative data. A census survey was carried on 23 Malawian hospitals under the Christian Health Association of Malawi. Primary and secondary data was collected using questionnaires and record survey sheets respectively. The collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Multiple regression analyses were applied to the data to determine the influence of the various aspects of FRM practices on the financial performance of Religious Health Institutions in Malawi. These were then presented in graphs, tables and pie charts. The results from the study showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between all the independent variables (liquidity risk management, credit risk management, foreign exchange risk management, and operational risk management) and the dependent variable (financial performance). All the null hypotheses in this study were rejected. The overall model was tested using the F-test at 5 % significance level. The results of analysis revealed higher inter-correlation between the independent variables and the overall model showed that there was significant correlation between FRM practices and financial performance (p-value 0.049<0.05). The study makes the following recommendations: Religious Health Institutions in Malawi should fully embrace FRM practices; CHAM should put in place policies which would steer the religious health institutions to fully embrace FRM practices; and, individual institutions should set aside resources for the better implementation of FRM policies set up by CHAM. The importance of this study is that its findings provide policy makers in religious health institutions in Malawi with an insight into the value of a full and robust adoption of FRM practices in that full adoption of FRM practices enhances organisational performance.Item FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF RELIGIOUS HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN MALAWI(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-08) EMMANUEL NYEREREThe purpose of this study was to assess the influence of Financial Risk Management practices on financial performance of religious health institutions in Malawi. The specific objectives for this study were: to assess the influence of liquidity risk management, credit risk management, foreign exchange risk management, and operational risk management, on the financial performance of religious health institutions in Malawi. The study was guided by the Agency, Stakeholder, Resource Dependence, and Expected Utility theories. The study adopted a descriptive research design while utilizing quantitative data. A census survey was carried on 23 Malawian hospitals under the Christian Health Association of Malawi. Primary and secondary data was collected using questionnaires and record survey sheets respectively. The collected data was analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Multiple regression analyses were applied to the data to determine the influence of the various aspects of FRM practices on the financial performance of Religious Health Institutions in Malawi. These were then presented in graphs, tables and pie charts. The results from the study showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between all the independent variables (liquidity risk management, credit risk management, foreign exchange risk management, and operational risk management) and the dependent variable (financial performance). All the null hypotheses in this study were rejected. The overall model was tested using the F-test at 5 % significance level. The results of analysis revealed higher inter-correlation between the independent variables and the overall model showed that there was significant correlation between FRM practices and financial performance (p-value 0.049<0.05). The study makes the following recommendations: Religious Health Institutions in Malawi should fully embrace FRM practices; CHAM should put in place policies which would steer the religious health institutions to fully embrace FRM practices; and, individual institutions should set aside resources for the better implementation of FRM policies set up by CHAM. The importance of this study is that its findings provide policy makers in religious health institutions in Malawi with an insight into the value of a full and robust adoption of FRM practices in that full adoption of FRM practices enhances organisational performance.Item STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PROCESSES AND PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING INSTITUTIONS AT KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYA.(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-07) SAMMY KAMAU WAITITUThe main goal of this study was to investigate how strategic management processes influence Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutes performance in Kiambu County of Kenya. This study was conducted in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Institutes in Kiambu County, Kenya, and aimed at establishing the impact of setting goals, analysis of the strategy, strategy development, implementation, evaluation, and control. This paper was based on goal setting theory, resource-based perspective theories, which incorporated Mintzberg strategy typology and McKinsey 7S Model through systems theory. The methodology used in the study was a descriptive survey. The targeted study participants were six hundred seventy-five trainers and all the eight TVETs based in the Kiambu county. A census-style sampling technique was employed to make sure that no technical/vocational school in Kiambu County was left out. Yamane gave a methodology on the number of trainers that were used in the sample: 251. The researchers were able to collect primary data by using standardized questionnaires among trainers. The reliability and validity measures of the set questionnaires were verified on the basis of a pilot assessment system. Quantitative assessment of the study data collected through questionnaires was done using Statistical Package for the Social sciences window version 29. The program produced results of both descriptive and inferential statistics. The summation of the descriptive statistics which was made up of percentages, means, and standard deviations were represented in tables and pie charts. In order to demonstrate that the variables in questions were dependent on each other, the researchers conducted an inferential analytic approach grounded on correlation by a multiple linear regression model. The researchers concluded that TVET institutions in the county of Kiambu, Kenya, were more successful in cases where goals had been set, strategic analyses had been done, strategies formulated, plans put into practice and subsequently the strategies evaluated and managed. The study established that the indicators of all the discussed strategic management processes had significant implications in the TVET institutions in Kiambu County. According to the outcomes of the research, TVET institutions in Kiambu County should ensure that their strategies are widely interpreted and implemented, stakeholders are more involved and communicated in the process of goal creation, and more frequent data-driven planning and strategic analysis is applied. In order to improve the plan implementation and monitoring performance, the proposed solution is to improve the leadership and clarify responsibilities and establish efficient monitoring and evaluation systems. Practically, institutions should adopt an integrated strategic management approach, while theoretically, the findings support the continued relevance and refinement of the Strategic Management Process Theory in educational settings.Item STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY GOVERNMENT, KENYA(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) SALOME WANGARIThe national and devolved governments often struggled to deliver essential public services due to corruption and resource constraints, necessitating partnerships with other organisations to enhance service provision. This study assessed the effect of strategic partnerships on effective service delivery in Nairobi City County Government (NCCG). The research explored the impact of supplier partnerships, waste management partnerships, social services partnerships, and infrastructure development partnerships on the service delivery of NCCG. The study was anchored on four theoretical frameworks: Resource Dependency Theory, Transaction Cost Theory, Collaborative Governance Theory, and Social Network Theory, which collectively explained the dynamics and benefits of inter-organisational partnerships in public service delivery. Using a descriptive research design and a mixed methods approach, the study adopted a purposive sampling approach to target 138 respondents (18 department heads, 17 sub-county administrators, 18 sub-county commanders, and 85 ward administrators) based on their relevance to the study topic. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires and interviews. In contrast, secondary data was retrieved from published works to triangulate findings and reinforce reliability. A pilot test of the questionnaires was conducted within the NCCG offices in Nairobi before full deployment to enhance the validity and reliability of the instruments. The reliability was measured using Cronbach’s Alpha, while validity was assessed through expert reviews and content validation techniques. For data analysis, the study utilised Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 to conduct descriptive statistics (means, frequencies, standard deviations), inferential statistics (regression analysis, correlation), and diagnostic tests. The research applied qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques to evaluate the influence of strategic partnerships on service delivery in Nairobi County. The findings were presented using frequency tables and bar graphs. The results revealed positive and significant relationships between the four types of strategic partnerships and service delivery outcomes, supported by the following coefficients: supplier partnerships (r = 0.622, p < 0.01; β = 0.512, p < 0.01), waste management partnerships (r = 0.672, p < 0.01; β = 0.589, p < 0.01), social services partnerships (r = 0.635, p < 0.01; β = 0.527, p < 0.01), and infrastructure development partnerships (r = 0.704, p < 0.01; β = 0.638, p < 0.01). The qualitative findings supported these results, revealing that strategic partnerships enhanced service delivery by promoting trust, resource sharing, and community engagement, particularly in waste management and social services. Senior managers emphasised that public-private collaborations and stakeholder involvement substantially improved project efficiency and citizen satisfaction across Nairobi City County Government initiatives. Based on the obtained results, it is recommended that NCCG leadership strengthen partnership structures, expand public-private collaborations, enhance administrator capacity building, and establish robust monitoring mechanisms to sustain and improve service delivery outcomes across all sectors. NCCG should further fortify partnership frameworks, broaden public-private partnerships, boost administrator training, and implement effective monitoring systems to ensure sustainable service enhancement across all sectors.Item ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-BASED BUSINESS MODELS AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF LISTED FIRMS IN THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) BRENDA WANGUI MUCHIRIAI enables a systematic mechanism which allows businesses to gather more valuable and updated data to carry out accurate evaluation of market environment and internal operations simultaneously. AI is thus advantageous to firms as it allows them to apply AI driven decision making on sales and credit forecast. However, despite the growth of opportunities associated with the use of AI, external factors and market volatility pose significant risks to the performance of firms listed at NSE. The investigation thus sought to determine the effect of AI-based business models on financial performance of listed entities in NSE. Specifically, the study determined the effect of AI-based predictive financial modelling, AI-based risk management, AI-based portfolio optimization and AI-based fraud detection on financial performance of listed firms in NSE. The investigation was anchored on diffusion of innovation theory, Technology-Organization-Environment and technology acceptance model. Positivism was employed with correlational research design as the study design. The target population of were the 17 financial firms listed at NSE. Listed firms were the unit of analysis while the unit of observation were the heads of marketing departments, business development department, human resource departments and operations department within the 17 financial firms listed at NSE. Since the target population is relatively small, the investigation conducted a census of all the respondents. Structured questionnaire was to collect primary data. SPSS software was used in the analysis of data. Data analyses involved both descriptive and inferential outcomes which were presented in form of tables and charts. Inferential analysis included correlation and multiple regression analysis. From the results, the investigation established that AI-Based predictive financial modelling showed a positive and significant effect on financial performance (0.321, 0.000<0.05), AI-Based risk management showed a positive and significant effect on financial performance (0.472, 0.000<0.05), AI-Based portfolio optimization showed a positive and significant effect on financial performance (0.420, 0.000<0.05) and AI-Based fraud detection showed a positive and significant effect on financial performance of firms listed at NSE (0.401<0.05). The investigation recommends that the firms listed at NSE ought to adopt AI-based predictive financial modelling as a strategic priority to enhance their financial performance as it improves the accuracy and timeliness of forecasting, budgeting and investment decisions. The listed firms under study should also prioritize the integration of AI-based risk management systems to strengthen their financial performance. The firms under study should also adopt AI-based portfolio optimization tools to enhance financial performance as it maximizes returns while effectively managing risk across diverse asset classes. The listed firms under investigation should implement AI-based fraud detection systems to strengthen financial performance. The study further recommends that ought to develop a supportive regulatory framework that encourages the adoption of AI-Business models by the listed firms under study to enhance performance.Item Digital Financial Innovation and Financial Inclusion in Commercial Banks in Kenya(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) SALOME WANGARIThis paper mainly aimed at examining the causal relationship between digital financial innovation and financial inclusion in the banking industry in Kenya. General objective of this research was to examine the relationship between digital financial innovation and financial inclusion in commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives were: To establish the effect of mobile banking solutions, digital payment, agent banking services on financial inclusion in commercial banks in Kenya and To assess the influence of digital credit on financial inclusion in commercial banks in Kenya. A number of theoretical frameworks such as Financial Innovation Theory, Financial Intermediation Theory, Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Rational Choice Theory were used as the foundation of the study. Samples were taken as 39 commercial banks in Kenya and a five-year period (2013 to 2024). The census strategy was taken. Secondary data on financial inclusion, mobile banking, digital payment, agent banking services and digital credit via CBK Bank Supervisory reports, annual bank reports and Audited Financial Statements of individual banks of the concerned period. Secondary data was collected through data extraction checklist. In this research, secondary data was quantitative. Quantitative data was coded and keyed into Eviews version 10 to analyse. Particularly, the quantitative data analysis was used to establish inferential and descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics appear in form of frequency distributions, percentages, standard deviation and mean. There were also Normality test and Diagnostic tests. These tests are Shapiro-Wilk Normality Test, autocorrelation test, heteroscedasticity test, linear test, Stationarity Test and Hausman test. To investigate the impact of independent variable on the dependent variable, regression analysis was employed. The regression coefficients reflected positive relationships with financial inclusion were all statistically significant, suggesting that a strong direct impact on increasing access to financial services in the country. Mobile banking solutions (beta=0.73934, p-value =0.0053), Digital payments (beta=0.534400 p-value 0.0408, Agent banking services (beta= 0.978870, p-value=0.0000) and Digital credit (beta=0.828504, p-value=0.0000). Future studies should investigate the expected benefits and challenges of digital financial innovations across different geographical areas (urban, peri urban, and rural contexts). Future studies could include the demographic groups such as women, youth, older adults, and low income individuals to gain a better understanding of their needs, and how digital innovations can be further leveraged to support their continued and enhanced financial inclusion.Item INFLUENCE OF SECURITIES MARKET PERFORMANCE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN KENYA BETWEEN 2004 - 2023(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-10) CHRISTABEL SHIGHADI KAYANDAThe general objective of the study was to assess how securities market performance affects economic growth in Kenya between 2004 and 2023. Anchored on the Financial Liberalization Theory, the study examined three indicators of market performance: market capitalization (as a percentage of GDP), market liquidity (turnover ratio), and market returns (NSE 20 Share Index and NASI). Secondary data was obtained from the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), and the World Bank. Descriptive analysis revealed significant fluctuations in market activity, with a sharp decline in market capitalization and persistently low turnover ratios. Correlation analysis showed weak positive associations between GDP growth and both market capitalization and NASI returns, while turnover ratio had a negative relationship. However, regression results indicated that market capitalization, liquidity, and returns did not significantly influence economic growth during the review period. These findings suggest that Kenya’s securities market has yet to develop the efficiency and depth necessary to perform a key role in driving development. The study concludes that structural and institutional reforms are critical to improving market efficiency, liquidity, and investor confidence, thereby aligning securities market development with national economic goals.Item PERFORMANCE-BASED COMPENSATION SYSTEMS AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE:AT THE KENYA NATIONAL TREASURY AND ECONOMIC PLANNING(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) WILLIAM OWINO NYAMUNGACompensation was viewed as an important element that motivated employees to contribute positively to generating innovative ideas that improved the organization’s level of productivity. The thesis had several objectives, including evaluating the effects relating Piece rate pay on the performance of employees, investigating the influence that bonuses on employee performance within the Kenya National Treasury, exploring the effects of skill-based renumeration on the performance of employees, and assessing the effects of Merit-based renumeration on relation performance of employees at the Kenya National Treasury. The theories supporting the thesis included the Expectancy, Agency, Ability, Motivation, Opportunity (AMO Postulate) and the Theory of Equity. The thesis had a descriptive research design and was based on a sample of 305 participants. The thesis utilized an interview guide and questionnaire to get data. Findings were presented in various charts, tables and graphs. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed; information was then presented in a narrative thematic format. Findings revealed bonuses had a significant effect on the performance of employees when implemented transparently in a fair manner. Employees who regularly receive bonuses tied to their performance targets reported increased motivation, job satisfaction, and productivity. Skill-based pay was found to positively influence employee performance by promoting continuous learning and versatility. Findings of Merit-based pay also showed a strong link to improved employee performance, especially when performance appraisal systems could be transparent and well-structured. The correlation between different forms of compensation systems and performance at the Kenya National Treasury showed some statistically significant findings. In this case, indicating a slight positive statistically significant correlation between bonuses and employee performance, with a correlation coefficient of r = .480 and a p-value less than .001. Similarly, the relationship between skill-based pay and employee performance was statistically significant with a correlation coefficient of r = .410 and a p-value less than .01. The thesis also indicated a statistically significant positive relationship between pay based on merit and performance among employees, though weaker (r = .320, p = .002). Finally, piece-rate pay had a weak but statistically significant positive relationship with the performance of workers, with a correlation coefficient of r = .210 and a p-value of .030. Although the relationship was not as strong as when other forms of pay are used, it did show that paying workers based on the quantity of their production could improve performance. It was recommended that organizations should develop and institutionalize transparent, performance-based bonuses that were associated with clear and measurable indicators that ensured fairness and boosted employee motivation. Findings revealed that bonuses significantly impacted employees’ performance, with financial provisions serving as motivators that triggered an increase in productivity. Skill-based pay was another avenue that, if implemented, could positively encourage professional development at an individual level. Employees also responded positively when their skills were recognized by management. Merit-based pay was also viewed by respondents as a way that could significantly improve performance if aligned with transparent performance appraisal systems. The thesis found that although piece rate was not used in the mainstream public service, it could be used in increasing productivity in special programs such as Kazi mtaani and the affordable housing programs.Item MACROECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ON EDUCATION FUNDING IN KENYA BETWEEN 2013-2023(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-10) RICHARD MUKIRI NDIBARUEducation funding in Kenya continues to face persistent challenges, primarily due to inconsistencies in budget allocation amid escalating educational demands and economic volatility. Guided by Quantity, Loanable and Debt Overhang theories, this study investigated the macroeconomic factors influencing education funding in Kenya. The focus was on the impact of inflation, interest rates and public debt on government Education Funding between 2013 and 2023. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a panel data econometric framework that combined both cross-sectional and time-series data across primary, secondary, TVET and university levels. Secondary data were sourced from reputable institutions such as the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), the National Treasury and the Ministry of Education. Analysis was conducted using STATA Version 15.0, applying both Fixed Effects and Random Effects regression models. The results indicated significant negative relationships between the three macroeconomic variables and public education funding. Specifically, a one-percentage-point rise in inflation corresponded with an approximate reduction of KES 1.754 billion in education expenditure. Likewise, a one-percentage-point increase in interest rates was linked to a decline of KES 2.143 billion, while a one-percentage-point rise in the public debt-to-GDP ratio was associated with an estimated reduction of KES 953 million in education funding. From these findings, the study concluded that macroeconomic instability considerably constrained the government’s capacity to sustain education investment. It recommended that policymakers adopt prudent debt management practices, establish effective inflation-targeting mechanisms and maintain interest rates at manageable levels to protect education fundings. In addition, the study suggested that both the government and development partners enhance fiscal resilience by diversifying funding sources to ensure steady and equitable financing of education despite prevailing economic pressures.Item SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION MARKETING STRATEGIES AND BRAND VISIBILITY AMONG TOUR AND TRAVEL COMPANIES IN TANZANIA: THE CASE OF TOUR AND TRAVEL COMPANIES IN ARUSHA REGION(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) SIA SEVERIN NDASKOIThe tourism industry is a key driver of economic growth for many countries, including Tanzania. Renowned for its breathtaking landscapes, diverse wildlife, and rich cultural heritage, Tanzania attracts travelers from around the world. However, in the competitive landscape of global tourism, Tanzanian tour and travel brands face significant challenges in achieving adequate market visibility due to their inability to harness the various online and offline marketing strategies and this has led to non-competitiveness of the travel and tour companies’ brands and stagnation of tourism arrivals in Tanzania as compared to other African and Asian destinations. The main objective of the study is to investigate the effect of search engine optimization marketing strategy on tours and travel companies’ brand market visibility: The target population encompassed twenty-four (24) tour and travel enterprises located in the Arusha Region, specifically those possessing active websites and engaging in Search Engine Marketing. The research employed an explanatory research design to explain the relationship between search engine optimization marketing strategies and the brand visibility of tour and travel companies. Descriptive statistics mean and frequency distributions were used to establish the Characteristics of the variables under examination and inferential statistics were used to establish the relationship between search engine optimization marketing strategy and brand visibility. The study established that on-page search engine optimization marketing strategy (Mean score of 4.0266 and SD of 1.0756) ; off-page search engine optimization marketing strategy (mean of 4.3663 and a SD of 0.9892; B = 0.540, Beta=.597; P < 0.001), technical search engine optimization marketing strategy (mean of 4.135 and a SD of 0.979 ; B =0.588, Beta = .323; P< 0.000); content search engine optimization marketing (mean of 4.165 and a SD of 1.072; B = 0.293, Beta = .217, P<0.004) all affect visibility of tour and travel companies’ brands in global markets. However, content search engine optimization marketing strategy contribution to tour and travel companies’ brand market visibility is weak/minimal. The study recommends that tours and travel companies invest in enhancing Search Engine Marketing, in the areas of Technical and Content Search Engine, to increasing their exposure on search engine results pages’ effective keywords, content, improving the technical aspects of their websites and. Similarly, the study recommends that tour companies have a high number of quality domains/websites linking to their website in order to access their brand information and increase brand visibility in the market.