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SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS USED BY THE SAMIA SPEAKERS OF SAMIA NORTH, BUSIA COUNTY, KENYA
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) AGUNDA PAMELA AWINO
This study sought to examine idiomatic expressions and their semantics within the cultural contexts of the Samia speech community (SSC) as the main objective. Idiomatic expressions, or idiomaticity, are a higher level of language use that defines a native speaker’s proficiency and resiliency to a specified language and its culture. Idiomatic expressions are a type of figure of speech that, in most cases, are fixed statements; that is, their meaning is not drawn from the meaning of each word in the statement’s composition but from the whole statement. The knowledge and resilience of Lusamia language and culture seem to be diminishing, and that was the reason for this research. The study aimed to navigate the Lusamia language and culture to (i) describe different types of idiomatic expressions, (ii) determine the contribution of individual linguistic items to the meaning of idiomatic expressions, and (iii) evaluate the influence of cultural contexts on the meaning of these expressions. The study is grounded on the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) by Kovecses (2015) and the Relevance Theory (RT) by Sperber and Wilson (2002). Koveces’ two key principles; contextual influence on meaning and systematic mapping of source and target domains mark CMT as a crucial theory to this research. Contextual influence on meaning is Koveces’ tenet that guided the objective of evaluating how context influences the meaning of Lusamia idioms, while the tenet of domain mapping guided the objective of describing the types of idiomatic expressions. RT, on the other hand, complemented CMT in the research by its communicative and cognitive principles. The communicative and cognitive principles backed the objective of determining the contribution of individual linguistic items to the meaning Lusamia of idiomatic expressions (LIEs). A descriptive research design was used for the investigation. Unadulterated Lusamia is spoken in the Nambuku sub-location of Samia North, which served as the study’s locale. The target population of the study was LIEs. A total of 10 participants, fluent in Lusamia and conversant with the culture, both male and female aged between 60 and 75 years, were selected through purposive and snowballing techniques. One participant was purposively selected, who helped to snowball the others to form one focus group of 8 participants of 5 males and 3 females. The remaining two participants were a male and a female aged between 72 and 75 years, purposively selected as well for an in-depth interview for detailed information. Language natives of the aforementioned age are believed to have more experience of language and culture. To accomplish the study goals, 121 Lusamia idiomatic expressions (proverbs and non- proverbial) were collected from the participants: 70 from the focused group discussion (FGD) and 51 from the two individual participants. The researcher sampled 73 idiomatic expressions from the total collection for investigation dependent on the study’s objectives and their relevance to the study. Interview guides were employed as an appropriate data collection tool for the focus group discussions, while in- depth interview guides were used to collect data from the two individual participants for more detailed explanation. Note-taking and tape-recording, were done to record the raw data and for the validity of the research. The recorded data was transcribed, translated, coded and analysed in line with the tenets of the theories that guided the study. The study findings established that the LIEs are categorized based structural variation, Morphological agglutination is a major defining linguistic feature of LIE and Basamia idioms are deeply rooted in social life reflecting individuals in the family and community and at large. The Basamia community is anticipated to gain from this research in terms of preserving and promoting Lusamia-specific linguistic and cultural quirks. Additionally, the study is expected to support language learning and teaching materials in the field of education as well as linguistic comparative studies in general, without forgetting that it could be the upcoming researchers’ resource.
SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES AND EDUCATIONAL CARTOONS: GRADE FOUR LEARNERS IN MOIBEN SUB-COUNTY, KENYA
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) FAITH KIRUI
Educational cartoons are gaining increasing recognition as effective tools for supporting language development and literacy, especially among children learning English as a second language (ESL). While research has highlighted their overall effectiveness in improving literacy, there is limited evidence on their role in fostering specific language learning strategies (LLS), particularly in rural and under-resourced educational environments. In rural Kenya, many primary school pupils continue to face challenges with basic literacy in English due to limited exposure, the dominance of local languages in daily life, and a lack of access to supportive learning resources. The study objectives were: to describe the strategies learners employed before watching the program, explore how exposure to Akili and Me influenced their use of language learning strategies, and establish gaps in strategy use that could impede their language development. The research was guided by Oxford’s taxonomy of LLS, categorizing strategies into six groups: memory, cognitive, compensation, metacognitive, affective, and social. Mayer’s Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning provides a conceptual framework for understanding how audio-visual content can enhance information processing and memory retention. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the intervention’s effects. The target group consisted of Grade Four pupils in public primary schools within Moiben Sub-County. A total of 104 learners were selected through purposive sampling based on their English performance and basic literacy challenges. The learners completed the Children’s Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (CSILL), participated in structured interviews, and undertook follow‑up assessments of vocabulary, reading, writing, and speaking. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative insights were generated through thematic analysis. Findings reveal that learners initially relied heavily on compensation strategies. Post‑intervention, there were marked increases in memory, cognitive, and social strategies, while affective and metacognitive strategies remained underutilized. The study concludes that Akili and Me significantly improved learners’ employment of effective language learning strategies. It is recommended that educational cartoons be integrated into classroom teaching to bolster foundational language skills, especially in underserved rural areas.
AN ANALYSIS OF GENDERED LANGUAGE PATTERNS ON X DURING THE GENDEREQUALITYKE ADVOCACY AND THEIR IMPACT ON GENDER NORMS
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) REENA CHEPKORIR
This study examined the linguistic patterns and discourse strategies used on Kenyan X (formerly Twitter), focusing on how language shaped, challenged, or reinforced existing societal gender norms. The study was guided by the following objectives: i. To examine the predominant linguistic patterns employed during the #GenderEquality advocacy on X, ii. To explore the discourse strategies employed during the advocacy campaign that influence the framing and perception of gender advocacy and iii. To determine how the linguistic elements used in the gender advocacy campaign shape existing gender norms. While social media platforms have become central to digital activism, the specific linguistic strategies employed in gender-focused advocacy remain underexplored, particularly within the Kenyan context. This study addressed that gap by analysing the role of language in framing gender discourse on digital platforms. The research was anchored in Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), which conceptualized language as both socially constitutive and socially conditioned. It explored how digital discourse not only reflected but also influenced public perceptions of gender equality. A mixed-methods design was adopted, combining quantitative content analysis with qualitative discourse analysis. A purposive sample of 600 tweets from the #GenderEqualityKe campaign was collected using the inbuilt API on X. AntConc was used for lexical and collocation analysis, while QDA Miner Lite facilitated thematic discourse coding. The analysis revealed that empowerment, resistance, solidarity, and the issue of gender-based violence (GBV) were dominant discourse strategies. Frequently used terms such as "GenderEqualityKE"; "women" and "equality" highlighted the campaign’s thematic alignment with gender advocacy. However, certain linguistic patterns, while promoting equity, also unintentionally reinforced traditional gender norms. These findings demonstrated the dual role of digital discourse as both a tool for resistance and a mechanism for sustaining stereotypes. The study contributes to scholarship on gender and digital activism by showing how language in online spaces could simultaneously challenge and uphold societal norms. It will offer practical insights for activists, policymakers, and scholars seeking to promote more inclusive and transformative language in gender advocacy campaigns.
A STYLO-LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE SAFARI RALLY (2024) MOTORSPORT COMMENTARIES IN KENYA
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-09) LUCY KAMENE KUSUNZA
This study offers a stylo-linguistic exploration of a commentary on motorsport in the 2024 Kenya Safari Rally in Kenya based on Critical Stylistics (CS) (Jeffries, 2014). To examine how people use language to create meaning, reinforce ideologies, and make them fit the audience expectations in a high-speed environment. Multilingual is interesting to study the discourse examined through 65 commentary segments or segments of commentary sourced in five platforms (television, radio, online streaming, print, and social media). In order to explore linguistic properties (use of metaphors, technical jargons, and interchanging codes), syntactic form (sentences and discourse markers), narrative logicality (chronological order and cause-and-effect analysis), and sociolinguistic aspects (gendered language and cultural orientation), qualitative strategies such as thematic coding and discourse analysis were used. It was established that motor sport commentary promotes technical accuracy through lexical density (78%) and emotional narrative with the sliding use of animal and combative-related metaphors (31 and 24 segments, respectively) to make race coverage dramatic and reach a variety of subjects. Syntactic patterns dynamically conformed to race intensity, with small syntactic units prevailing in the periods of great action (Spinning! He has gone off the track! (He is not on the track!), complicated constructions that appear in situations of strategizing (As long as he rationed the fuel, he could podium). Chapter Five concluded the contribution of the work in sports linguistics and the African media discourse, concluding that motorsport commentary is the multilingual reality of Kenya, contributing to the ideologies of its society in cultural terms. It was proposed to train commentators on gender-neutral language, multilingual broadcasting, and developing cross-cultural studies on syntactic flexibility. It represents a notable study in African motorsport linguistics because it shows that linguistics closely aligns with international technical norms by acting as a form of intermediation between a globalized world and a localized media form, creating a remarkably replicable real-time, high-speed sporting discourse analysis model. The combination of Critical Stylistics and qualitative analysis makes this study emphasize the role of culture, language, and audience involvement in the research, with practical implications for commentators, media companies, and researchers.
LANGUAGE OF DEROGATION AND CONCEPTUALISATIONS OF FEMALE GENDER IN DHOLUO, SIAYA- KENYA
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2025-07) LIKUNG’ AGNES
Persistent use of derogatory language in everyday communication significantly contributes to the conceptualization and reinforcement of gender stereotypes, particularly within culturally rooted linguistic communities. This study examines how the Dholuo language in Kenya conceptualizes the female gender through proverbs, idioms, metaphors, and speech acts, with a view to identifying their forms, meanings, and impact. The study was guided by three objectives: (i) to categorize derogatory expressions such as proverbs, idioms, insults, and metaphors used to refer to women in the Dholuo language; (ii) to analyse the underlying conceptual metaphors, idioms and cultural contexts that inform these expressions; (ii) to evaluate the impact of linguistic expressions such as proverbs, idioms, insults, and metaphors on gender perception among Dholuo speakers. Anchored in Austin’s (1962) Speech Act Theory, Searle’s classification of illocutionary, locutionary and perlocutionary acts, and Grice’s (1991)Theory of Implicature, the study employed a qualitative research design to ensure both breadth and depth of understanding. The population comprised Dholuo-speaking communities in Siaya County. A stratified random sampling technique was used to select one hundred (100) respondents. In contrast, purposive sampling guided the selection of fifteen (15) key informants and four (4) focus group discussions (FGDs) involving elders, women leaders, teachers, and youth. Data collection instruments included a semi-structured interview guides; and FGD protocols. SPSS was used for descriptive statistical analysis, and NVivo was used to support thematic coding and the interpretation of qualitative data. Findings reveal that while many Dholuo expressions are culturally embedded, they disproportionately portray women as emotionally weak, domestically confined, or intellectually inferior. Education and religious affiliation were found to moderate how these expressions are internalized and contested. The study recommends gender-sensitive linguistic reforms, the integration of inclusive civic education, and community dialogues that question and transform harmful cultural narratives embedded in qualitative usage. These reforms as persistent for promoting gender equality within culturally rich but linguistically conservative communities.
PLANNING PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF RESIDENTIAL HOUSING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN WESTLANDS SUB-COUNTY, NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2024-07) ANDREW BOSIRE MERABA
According to United Nations statistics, 3 billion people live in urban slums due to urbanization and population growth. World Economic Forum projects that by the year 2050, more than a third of the population across the globe will reside in urban areas. Design, planning, maintenance, and management of residential houses and the residential environment have a long-term effect on the prosperity, quality of life, health, and happiness of individuals and communities. The general objective of this study was to examine planning practices and performance of residential housing construction projects in Westland’s sub-county in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specific objectives were to establish the role of stakeholder participation, supervision, budget, and time management's impact on the performance of residential housing construction projects in Westlands Sub-County, Nairobi County, Kenya. Westlands Sub-County was ideal for the study as it is the most affluent neighborhood in Nairobi County with all kinds of residential units, from single rooms to houses with their own compounds. Project management competency, stakeholder theory, and constraint theory formed the study's theoretical basis. The study applied descriptive research designs. The study targeted 256 respondents made up of project managers, project architects, engineers, and developers of 64 private ongoing residential housing projects in Westland Sub-County. A samples size made up of 156 respondents were selected through stratified random sampling. Primary data was collected through the use of structured questionnaires. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, Version 25.0) was used to analyze quantitative data. The study generated descriptive statistics; multiple regression was used to explain relationship between study variables. Tables and graphs were used to present results of data analysis. Study findings revealed positive relationship between independent and dependent variables. Time management revealed the strongest positive relationship (r=0.68) on performance of residential construction housing projects, followed by supervision (r=0.672), then stakeholder participation (r=0.66) and finally budget allocation (r=0.546). All the independent variables revealed p-value<0.01 thus statistically significant to explain relationship with the dependent variable. The study recommends inclusion of stakeholders in every stage of a projects, their opinion count however should be filtered to avoid mix up. On supervision, the study recommended the need for continuous learning and training for project supervisor to cope with the ever-changing construction environment. On budget, the study recommended the need to do proper costing that put into account inflation of construction materials from time to time, timely review of budgets should be done for any emerging issues within the construction space. Finally, on time management the study recommended the need for setting achievable targets and assigning them time frame for completion. Time of completion of a project must take into consideration the prevailing economic and political environment. The study further recommended that future researchers should not only be limited to surveyors, engineers, and project managers but explore other players involved in project planning and implementation of residential housing projects.
PARENTAL ENGAGEMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN GRADE SIX LEARNERS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN BONDO SUB- COUNTY, SIAYA COUNTY, KENYA
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2024-09) OPIYO BENARD DIDACUS
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of parental engagement (PE) on the development of Critical thinking skills (CTs) among grade six learners in Public Primary schools in Bondo Sub-county, Siaya County, Kenya. The study was guided by five research questions; how does parenting style influence the development of critical thinking skills in grade six learners? What is the influence of parent-teacher collaboration on the development of CTs in grade six learners? How does parents’ support of learning at home influence the development of CTs in grade six learners? What challenges are facing parents in developing CTs in grade six learners? What can be done to mitigate the challenges facing parents in developing CTs in grade six learners? The study used convergent parallel mixed design where quantitative data was collected using correlational design and qualitative phenomenological design. The study was anchored on Joyce Epstein theory of overlapping spheres of influence. A total of 130 public schools, 130 Head teachers, 130 class teachers, 5978 learners and 5978 parents were the target population. Both probability and non-probability sampling techniques that is, simple random, clustered and purposive sampling, were used to get a sample size of 26 public schools, 26 class teachers, 6 Head teachers, 104 learners and 42 parents. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data from class teachers and class prefects, interview guide for Head Teachers and Focus group discussion for parents. Validity of questionnaires was determined by the use of content validity and Cronbach’s alpha calculated from pre-test data provided a value of 0.74 and it was accepted as indicating strong validity. Reliability of qualitative instruments was determined by member checking, triangulation and peer review. Data from the questionnaires were coded and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis aided by statistical package for social sciences version 29. Multiple regressions were used to test the hypothesis. Qualitative data were thematically analyzed. The results showed that the development of critical thinking is positively impacted by authoritative parenting, good parent-teacher collaboration, and regular support of learning at home. PE is though limited by poor understanding of the concept of CTs, time limits, work pressure, low literacy and low income. Suggested solutions included; Parents induction in the concept of CTs, good parenting style and best practices of supporting learning at home. Parent-school communication to be improved and partnership with community organizations for access to sponsorship and learning facilities be encouraged. Further research be done on relationship between Problem-based learning and CTs as well as contextualized definition and pedagogies of CTs and its development among learners in Kenya.
DROUGHT PREPAREDNESS STRATEGIES AND FOOD SECURITY: A CASE OF POKOT CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY, WEST POKOT COUNTY, KENYA
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2024-09) STANLEY KIBIWOT TIREITO
Pokot Central Sub County in West Pokot County, Kenya, is the most drought-stricken and food-insecure region as of 2022. The region faces severe threats to livestock, agriculture and food accessibility, exacerbated by delayed, reactive drought response strategies and limited resources. This study evaluated current drought preparedness strategies and their effectiveness in enhancing food security. Specific objectives were to assess the socio-economic factors influencing drought preparedness and food security, evaluate the effectiveness of water management strategies, analyze the role and effectiveness of early warning systems and examine the influence of institutional structures on food security during drought periods. The study used vulnerability and resilience and complex adaptive systems theories to explore these interrelationships. A mixed-method approach with a convergent parallel design was adopted, targeting 22,041 households in Pokot Central. A sample of 396 households was selected through stratified random sampling and 20 key informants were chosen using purposive sampling. Descriptive analysis outlined drought preparedness and food security, while thematic and content analysis were used for qualitative data. Regression and correlation analysis determined relationships between socio-economic factors, water management, early warning systems and food security. Key findings revealed a positive correlation between higher income levels and food security (r=0.15, p=0.000), a strong positive correlation between effective water management and food security (r=0.65, p=0.000) and a positive association between early warning awareness and food security (r=0.155, p=0.000). However, institutional transparency and accountability negatively predicted food security (β=-0.085, p=0.018), highlighting the need for greater institutional integrity. Recommendations include enhancing drought risk management, promoting water-efficient agricultural practices and improving early warning dissemination. An integrated approach involving government agencies, NGOs and local communities is crucial for effective drought response. Future research should focus on sustainability and community-driven solutions for long-term food security.
IMPLEMENTATION OF FLAGSHIP PROJECTS AND ACHIEVEMENT OF NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY IN GALANA KULALU IRRIGATION PROJECT MAGARINI SUB-COUNTY, KILIFI AND TANA RIVER COUNTIES, KENYA.
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2024-09) JOSHUA NJOROGE THUKU
One of the initiatives the Kenyan government has been pushing to ensure food security across the country is the irrigation projects. An especially crucial component of every project's execution is project sustainability. The study aims to conduct a thorough assessment of the execution of Kenya's flagship projects and the attainment of national food security in the context of the Galana Kulalu Irrigation project in the counties of Tana River and Kilifi, Kenya. The following four objectives served as the study's guiding principles: to investigate the influence of community involvement on the implementation of the project, to evaluate how stakeholders' engagement can influence the implementation of the project, to examine the impact of completion time on the implementation of the flagship projects in Kenya and to identify the effects of budget and financial management in the implementation of Galana Kulalu Irrigation Project Magarini Sub-County, Kilifi and Tana River Counties. The study adopted a mixed (quantitative and qualitative) method research methodology, with 100 respondents (87) field employees and (3) project managers engaged by the National Irrigation Authority to manage Galana Kulalu food security project and (10) Agricultural Development Corporation (ADC) employees formerly employed by Galana Kulalu project as a target population. A sample size of 81 respondents consisted of randomly selected representatives of all these categories and the response rate of the study was 79%. Data for analysis was gathered through questionnaires and interviews. In order to understand the association between variables with a significance threshold of p=0.05, data collected was examined using descriptive statistics like percentages, frequency distributions, and regression and correlation analysis. Qualitative data was also evaluated using content analysis, and the results were narratively described. To make summarizing easier, the gathered data was presented in tables after being examined using the computer-based Excel program. In summary, from data analysis, it was discovered that the implementation of flagship projects in Kenya and the attainment of national food security are significantly influenced by stakeholder participation, community engagement, completion time, budget, and financial resource management. In this case, the Galana Kulalu Irrigation project. The data analysis gave insightful recommendations for improving food security in Kenya by utilizing contemporary irrigation technology and embracing the four objectives in project successful implementation and sustainability.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE NEXUS BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND GENDER IN HAWKER CULTURE IN KIBUYE MARKET, KISUMU COUNTY, KENYA
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2024-09) ADHIAMBO JACKLINE OUNO
Language is part and parcel of human experience and every aspect of human life is dependent on communication. Language also defines a people’s way of life, their transmission of social and cultural norms, attitudes, beliefs, traditions and values. Language, by extension, facilitates the reinforcement of existing beliefs about group features and distinctions between groups. Language structures and patterns of language use are believed to be responsible for perpetuation of stereotypes, and in some instances, reifying one group’s dominance over the other. It is perceived that men and women use different expressions. Gender is one of the social constructions that has been studied in language use for quite some time now. These studies have, however, not focused on how language dynamics intersect with gender identities and roles, especially in the context of hawker culture. Against this backdrop, this study sought to analyse the nexus of language and gender in hawker culture in Kibuye Market in Kisumu County in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study are: (i) to examine how language dynamics intersect with gender identities among Kibuye hawkers, (ii) to explore how these language dynamics influence hawker culture and business practices and (iii) to determine how language use in hawker culture impacts on construction of gender roles. This study was anchored on social constructionist theory as proposed by Searle (2007) and Bo (2015). It employed an embedded mixed methods research design. The targeted population was one hundred hawkers. Using a blend of purposeful and stratified random sampling techniques, thirty (30) participants (fifteen male and fifteen female) were sampled for interviews and another ten (10) hawkers for video recording. Data collection methods included observation, interviews, and audio-visual recording. Thematic and inferential methods were employed in the analysis and interpretation of data. To guarantee compliance with ethical standards in the conduct of this research, data sources have been duly acknowledged and approvals were sought from relevant authorities before the commencement of data collection. This study concluded that patterns of language use in hawker culture revealed cultural norms, beliefs, traditions, and values that were useful in constructing gender identities. These linguistic structures not only demonstrated the persistence of social stereotypes but also group dynamism. Language use in hawker culture represented social constructs outside business operations. Paralanguage and body language complemented, reinforced, substituted, and occasionally contradicted verbal messages. The complementary role was more prominent in hawker culture. From the researcher’s scrutiny of video records and a close analysis of the interviews conducted, female, as opposed to male, hawkers in Kibuye Market relied heavily on body language in their communication with customers. Body language can be difficult to interpret; nevertheless, it can give one a more nuanced understanding of what someone may be trying to communicate. The results of this study will enrich academic scholarship on gendered use of linguistic varieties.
LIFE SKILLS TRAINING AND RETROGRESSIVE CULTURAL PRACTICES AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN MARIE ADELAIDE RESCUE CENTER, EWUASSO OONKIDONG WARD, KAJIADO COUNTY, KENYA
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2024-08) SR. MALLYSTELLA WANGECHI KARIUKI
Retrogressive cultural practises are still existing in some cultures despite advancement in science and technology. Life skills training has been introduced in education system to complement education to help children attain wholistic development. However, although this achievement has been noted in education system adolescent girls are still subjected to retrogressive cultural practices. Thus, the purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between life skills training and retrogressive cultural practices among the adolescent girls in Marie Adelaide Rescue Centre, Ewuasso Oonkiidong Ward, Kajiado County. The study was guided by four objectives namely: To determine the prevalence rate of life skills training among adolescent girls in Marie Adelaide Rescue Centre, Ewuasso Oonkiidong, Ward, Kajiado County; To identify retrogressive cultural practices among adolescent girls in Marie Adelaide Rescue Centre, in Ewuasso Oonkiidong, Ward, Kajiado, To assess influence of life skills training on retrogressive cultural practices in Marie Adelaide Rescue Centre, Ewuasso Oonkiidong Ward, Kajiado county; To explore possible ways that are likely to curb retrogressive cultural practices among adolescent girls in Marie Adelaide Rescue Centre, Ewuasso Oonkiidong, Ward, Kajiado County. The study applied Social Cognitive Theory by Bandura and Rational Emotive Behavioural theory by Ellis Beck. The study employed mixed method approach using concurrent embedded research design. The study population was the adolescent girls from Ewuasso Oonkiidong with entire population of 125 adolescent girls and 10 key informants thus, the participants of this study was 135 respondents. Census method was used for adolescent girls and purposive sampling technique was used to select the key informants of the study. The study employed questionnaires to collect quantitative data and interview guide for qualitative. The instruments of data collection were piloted to test the reliability and validity of the instruments, 10 questionnaires was distributed among adolescent girls in the neighboring sub county of Mosiro. The researcher used soft ware spss version 26 to record quantitative data and correlation coefficiency for analysis and thematic analysis for qualitative data. The study found out that lifeskills training and retrogressive cultural practice have a negative correlation and not significantly related. The life skills that are highly embraced are self awareness, assertiveness while negotiation skills are less appreciated due to cultural beliefs which deny women/girls freedom of expression. Retrogressive cultural practices such as Female Genital Mutilation and early forced marriages are found to be in existence and they escalate teenage pregnancy in Ewuasso Oonkiidong Ward, Kajiado county. The study recommends that the local government should continue with the fight against retrogressive cultural practices, schools should provide platform into different cultural practices and offer lifeskills to the adolescents to help them in transformation process. Imparting lifeskills training in school setting , community involvement will help in fight against retrogressive cultural practices and enable adolescents achieve attitudinal and behavioral changes. Again, creating awareness to education police makers the importance of integrating life skills training in education sector and encouraging the local government to continue on the fight against retrogressive cultural practice. These have been identified by this study as the strategies that can help in reducing retrogressive cultural practices.
THE POLITICS OF EXCELLENCE: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MORAL GROUND OF POLITICS IN ARISTOTLE.
(The Catholic University of Eastern Africa., 2024-05-06) THEOPHILUS CHANDO
This thesis analyses Aristotle’s Political Theory. According to Aristotle, political leadership must be based on a strong moral foundation. A political leader’s role is to dispense justice in all its aspects, and this includes distributive, commutative, and restorative justice. A political leader without a good moral character is a bad leader. The State, is primarily a moral institution, whose main role is to train citizens in moral virtue, and to ensure that each person’s character accords with the demands of virtue. For this reason, leaders must educate citizens to desist from pursuing the base pleasures, and should themselves lead by example. State power is for the service to all citizens, and only a person of virtue has the disposition to make this happen, as well as to ensure that wealth is used for what it is really meant for, that is for the physical wellbeing of citizens, and to dispose them for virtuous life. A person who is not trained in virtue cannot, therefore, be a good political leader. For Aristotle, therefore, politics is not for people with questionable moral character, but is for those whose moral aptitude has been tested and proven. Without this, any leader is bound to destroy the state he is supposed to protect and nurture.
LAND TENURE SYSTEM AND PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE AMONG THE RESIDENTS OF KIBRA CONSTITUENCY, NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2017-05)
This study focused on the land tenure system and peaceful coexistence among the residents of Kibra constituency, Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study sought to investigate the influence of land tenure system on peaceful coexistence among the residents of Kibra constituency, Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives for the study were the following:-To determine the influence of land access on peaceful coexistence among the residents of Kibra Sub-County; To establish effect of land ownership on peaceful coexistence among the residents of Kibra Sub-County residents; To find out effects of land use and control on peaceful coexistence among the residents of Kibra-Sub-County and to determine effects of land transfer on peaceful coexistence among the residents of Kibra Sub – County. This study adopted the Demsertz theory of evolution of private property. Literature review was done thematically. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. 100 questionnaires were disseminated with a return rate of 80% which is the recommended return rate. 8 key informants were interviewed for the study. Quantitative data was analyzed using statistical techniques with the help of SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Product). Qualitative data was coded and presented in verbatim form. Using the likert scale, this study sought to rate the view of respondents in relation to land access after the 2007/2008 PEV. The general statement was “Some people can't access their land after the 2007/2008 PEV” 1.3% disagree, 2.5% neither agree nor disagree, 35.0% agree and 61.3% strongly agree. As earlier confirmed from one respondent, there is evidence that land ownership in Kibra Sub County has contributed to the unrest among the residents. With the majority strongly confirming the place of PEV and land grabbing, this shows that those whose land was grabbed are not happy at with the government and fellow residents who took their land. The researcher sought to know the kind of relationship existing among residents of Kibra in relation to land and peaceful coexistence. From a likert scale rating (There is Hostility among residents from different ethnic backgrounds living in Kibra Sub County), 35 % strongly agreed, 18.8 % agreed, 3.8 neither agreed nor disagreed, 16.3% disagreed, 12.5% strongly disagreed and 13.8 % don’t know. It was concluded that the researched achieved the objectives of the study. This study therefore had the following recommendations:- On the Influence of land access on peaceful coexistence among the residents It was recommended that, the government should intervene in land access procedures and make sure that every land owner has the right to access and use their land Kibra Sub County. On the effect of land ownership on peaceful coexistence among the residents. The Kibra Sub County residents need to know that, everyone a right to own and use land anywhere in the country so long as they don’t abuse their rights in the process. On Land use and control on peaceful coexistence among the residents. It is recommended that, Kibra residents need to give the government an opportunity to upgrade the slum for better habitation. The government of Kenya needs to involve the residents on the whole process of upgrading the slum. On Effects of land transfer on peaceful coexistence among the residents. The government needs to play a key role in ensuring non-interference with the processes of land transfer and ownership in Kibra Sub County.
EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY INTEGRATION AND PEOPLE-CENTEREDNESS: ASSESSMENT OF EFFORTS MADE BY KENYA AS MEMBER STATE
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2019-10) TERESIA W., MACHARIA
The study examined EAC Integration and People-Centeredness: Assessment of Efforts Made by Kenya as Member State. This study focused on explaining: How the principle of a “people- centred” EAC is being implemented by Kenya as an EAC Partner state by different actors. From the Treaty for the establishment of the EAC, the integration process should adopt a down- top approach. In practice however, that is not the case as the top-down approach dominates the EAC‟s integration agenda. State leaders are at the Centre of the integration process in the EAC. The top-down approach undermines EAC‟s mission. Lack of people-centeredness has been mentioned widely in the literature of the old EAC Integration as among the major factors for the organization‟s collapse in 1977. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The study findings revealed that there are no policies on people-centeredness for both state and non-state actors which has generally challenged their efforts in enhancing the principle of people- centeredness and the success of the EAC integration process in general. The study found out that access to information about EAC Integration amongst Kenyan citizens was low. The findings indicated that 46.7% of the respondents receive information about EAC Monthly, while 13.3% indicated that they receive EAC information weekly and yearly respectively. It can therefore be concluded that most Kenyans are aware about the existence of EAC Integration, however lightly. The government of Kenya can therefore be said to have partly fulfilled its mandate of enhancing people-centeredness as required by the EAC Treaty. The study recommended that there should be continuous sensitization through local media to enhance people-centeredness amongst Kenyan citizens and the EAC citizens in general. There should be regular training sessions and workshops for both the state and non-state actors involved in EAC Integration process in Kenya and across the EAC region to sensitize them on the importance of EAC Integration and how they can in turn pass the same information to their citizens, enhancing the principle of people-centeredness further.
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND THE EAC INTEGRATION: PARTICIPATORY OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR COUNTY GOVERNMENTS OF KENYA
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2019-07) PAULINE MBODZE, CHENGO
The establishment of devolution in Kenya brought to light the intersection between EAC matters and functions of county governments thereby changing the landscape of how EAC matters are handled at the national level. The early phases of devolution brought significant compliant challenges in implementation of Kenya’s obligations under the EAC, as county governments engaged in legislations and activities that hindered free movement of goods thus contravening provisions of the EAC common market protocol that seeks to liberalize trade. On the other hand, county governments raised concerns on the impact of EAC treaty and protocols on their functions as well as county budgets. While some of these challenges were resolved, county governments are constantly been urged to remove blocks and constraints they have put in place that frustrates regional integration efforts six years into the implementation of devolution in Kenya. This raises a major concern on participation and inclusion of county governments in EAC integration as well as roles accorded to them, bearing in mind foreign affairs is a function of national government and, knowing that certain areas of EAC intersect with devolved functions. This research therefore, examined how county governments have been involved in EAC integration by analyzing their participation through the EAC participatory channels and domestic intergovernmental cooperation, policies, legislation and frameworks as well as the challenges that have limited their participation.
Fisheries Policy Reform Decisions and their Influence on Harmonization and Coordination: A Case of African Union and East African Community
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2019-07) Mary Muthoni, Nderitu
The African Union (AU) Policy Framework and Reform Strategy for Fisheries and Aquaculture (PFRS) identifies the lack of policy coherence and coordination in the management of fisheries and aquaculture in the AU member states as one of the key challenges for the sustainable management of the fisheries and aquaculture resources. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of policy reform decisions on harmonization and coordination in fisheries sector within the East African Community (EAC) region. More specifically, the study sought to: review the existing African Union and East African Community policies in the fisheries sector; evaluate challenges facing the fisheries sector among EAC partner States; and analyse opportunities among the EAC partner States in implementation of fisheries sector policy reform decisions. The study covers East African Community as an area of study looking at Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania who are the only signatories to the convention for the establishment of East African Community Regional Fisheries Organization. The study utilized the concurrent mixed methods approach to the research. In particular, the cross-sectional study design was employed. The target population geographically covered the countries that share Lake Victoria waters; Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The research used both probability and non-probability. The data collection was done through primary and secondary data collection methods. Both semi-structured and non-structured interviews were used to collect information from the participants. The research was both quantitative and qualitative in nature. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were used. The data was presented in form of tables and graphical presentations such as pie charts and bar graphs. The study found that establishment of monitoring, controlling and surveillance unit; strengthening of human resource development in fisheries sector; strengthening resource management in fisheries sector; establishment of vii legislative framework for fisheries sector; and adoption of institutional framework for fisheries sector were among the African Union policies and strategies to be adopted by RECs in fisheries sector policy reforms. Secondly, use of illegal fishing gears and illegal methods; harvesting of endangered and rare aquatic species; over-dependence on fishery resources leading to increased number of fishers and fishing boats and over-exploitation; harvesting of immature fishes; high prevalence of HIV/AIDs among the fishing communities; prevalent poverty of the fishing communities; inappropriate and uncoordinated policies on fish trade; environmental degradation; problem of invasive species and open access nature of fisheries resources for inland fisheries and marine small-scale fisheries were among the general challenges facing fisheries in EAC partner States. Finally, political will at country level to engage and reform their fisheries and develop sustainable aquaculture; the contribution of fisheries to nutrition and food security as per SDGs; good physical environment for aquaculture development; the EU common fisheries policy reform, giving impetus for EAC to have the policy reform; and the potential of the fisheries sector to generate wealth, reduce poverty and create job opportunities were found to be the opportunities among the EAC partner States regarding the implementation of fisheries sector policy reform decisions. The study recommends that governments of EAC member States need to adopt and implement the African Union policies and strategies on fisheries.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY YOUTH AMBASSADORS’ PLATFORM IN PROMOTING A COLLECTIVE REGIONAL IDENTITY AMONG THE YOUTH
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2019-10) GASPARINO, HAULE
Through this research, I do an assessment of the East African Community Youth Ambassadors Platform in promoting a collective regional identity among young people in Tanzania and Kenya from the year 2012 - 2018. I start by evaluating the quality of institutionalization of the East African Community Youth Ambassadors platform by looking at the existing and non-existing institutional and policy frameworks. I then document experiences of the EAC Youth Ambassadors from their inception to date. In this, I focus on the activities and population segments that the youth ambassadors engaged with. I go deeper to understand the experience beyond the formal meetings focusing on whether there have been inter cohort collaborations or any sort of formal work plan in the chapters. I have also looked at the similar mechanisms and studies from other regional blocs such as the European Union (EU) and ASEAN to see whether there are things to learn from these studies. In this study, I have based on constructivist, essentialist and functionalist views on identity and link them to theories of institutionalization and identity engineering so as to draw a solid stand for my arguments. The aim is to generate a proposal for making the East African Community Youth Ambassadors‟ Platform more effective in playing its role.
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DECISION TO ADOPT A CONFEDERATION IN THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2019-10) DOREEN, AYEBALE
The aim of this study was to do a critical analysis of the decision to adopt a confederation in the East African Community. The study sought to examine the factors that contributed to the decision to adopt political confederation in the EAC, find out the views of EAC elites on the value of a confederation for political federation and determine the consequences of the decision for governance in the EAC states. The study adopted a case study design which is best suited for a single point of data collection for each participant, it was cheap to undertake and the results were inferred to the larger population. The study drew out a sample size of 28 respondents and data was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The study found that the decision to adopt a political confederation was based on the need by EAC member states to first address the underlying fears and concerns highlighted the findings by the Wako Committee. These include Loss of Sovereignty Fears and Concerns Ideological differences Regional disputes, Disparities in Governance, Lack of Clarity on Model of Federation, Fear of Loss of Land, and Economic fears like loss of revenue, loss of jobs for members of professional bodies, loss of investment and employment, loss of market. This study also found that a confederation if adopted in the EAC will have little impact on governance in the individual EAC member states. This is because confederation will not provide for an effective executive authority. The lack of viable central governance implies that the same norm of lack of rule of law, corruption, human rights violations, lack of transparency and accountability will still be the norm in the EAC member states. The findings show that while elites from both Kenya and Uganda agree that the decision to adopt a confederation is a good step towards achieving political federation in the EAC, the Kenyan counter parts showed some bit of skeptism that the East African Partner states are not ready, not just for political federation but even for the proposed confederation. Despite the above shortcomings, the elites within the EAC believe that it is possible to achieve a political federation.
Examining East Africa Community Strategies for Forging a Common Identity among the Citizenry: A Comparative Study of the Promotion of the East Africa Community Anthem and Kiswahili in Uganda
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2019-09) Catherine Wairimu, Ng’ang’a
This study is about the strategies of crafting a common identity among the EAC citizenry employed by the East African Community. It is premised on a comparison between two policies that is, the East African Anthem and Kiswahili that have been adopted by the Government of Uganda. The study was carried out in the Republic of Uganda with the aim of ascertaining why popularisation of the EAC anthem was a success whilst Kiswahili language is stalling. The study addresses three issues guided by the objectives; Firstly, to identify factors that affect the choice of policies for popularisation at the national level. Secondly, to examine the strategies for popularisation of the EAC anthem and Kiswahili by the government of Uganda and lastly to determine how the EAC could leverage from the lessons drawn from the success of popularisation of the EAC anthem. Social constructivism theory, Transactionalism theory, Liberal Intergovernmentalism theory, Policy implementation models and policy diffusion provided a constructive theoretical framework that guided the study to the attainment of its desired findings. The study was made up of 44 randomly selected participants that took a leading role in the formulation, coordination, implementation and promotion of EAC anthem and Kiswahili. Other than the interview technique, the study also used document review technique and focus group discussion to collect its data. The findings revealed that the parameters for implementing and promoting the anthem are different from those of Kiswahili. Given the musical connotations of the anthem, the findings revealed that music is a language that doesn‟t have to be understood for one to sing along. Additionally, the success of policy implementation and promotion requires a joint effort from the policymakers and policy promoters. Similarly, policy makers and promoters maintained that the government of Uganda is in a position to establish support for the implementation of Kiswahili just as it did with the EAC anthem through developing Kiswahili Curriculum that is applicable through out the country, running national campaigns to change people‟s attitude towards Kiswahili language, budgeting for both human resources and teaching resources for Kiswahili programmes among others. However, the study proposes alternative ways in which Kiswahili could be promoted such as funding of Kiswahili courses, setting aside annual Kiswahili days, rolling out Kiswahili as a compulsory subject throughout the country.
THE EFFECTS OF EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY COMMON MARKET PROTOCOL ON KENYA’S TOURISM SECTOR
(THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN AFRICA, 2019-07) BONFACE, MBUGUA
The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of East Africa Common Market on Kenya‟s Tourism Sector. Research questions include establishing the effects of: free movement of: goods; labor; Services; and Capital. This study adopted a descriptive research design. This was done by evaluating key Tourism–related policies including: EAC Treaty, the EAC Customs Union Protocol, EAC Common Market Protocol, the National Tourism Strategy 2030; Competition Policy; Investment Policy; Migration Policies and financial sector laws and regulations in tourism sector. Additionally, key informant interviews were conducted with senior public officials from relevant ministries, chambers of commerce and Kenya Tourism Federation. The target population was 294 members from the above mentioned entities, random stratified sampling was applied to get 147 respondents. The study found that free movement of goods, persons, services and finance positively affects tourism in Keya in that it: has steadily contributed to the GDP of the country; has increased on the revenue base for players in the sector after hitting the 2 million mark on tourists arrival with each tourist spending about 2000 US dollars; tourists from the region is almost 100,000 compared with less than 10,000 before the protocol came into being; Kenya has became a host to international conferences; it takes an average of 37 minutes for tourist to clear at Busia border compared down from two hours, also of the over 894 vehicles that cross the border daily basis, 1/3 are tourist related. The study also found out that EAC CMP implementation is faced with plentiful challenges in that member states are signing laws but taking long to localize them thereby causing a clash. The study recommendations that: EAC to ensure compliance with community laws; sectoral committees and working groups be given more powers to tackle and determine some of teething problems such as NTB‟s, service liberation and harmonization of tax; research on effects of EAC CMP on other sectors as study was particularly looking at Kenya‟s tourism sector This study is likely to benefit global partners, EAC, partner states, researchers and scholars.

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